Midwifery is that health science and therefore the profession concerned with pregnancy, childbirth, and therefore the postpartum period, besides sexual and reproductive health of girls during the course of their lives the specific duties of the midwife are mainly to help within the birthing process. Obstetrics word came from a Latin word “OBSTETRIX” means “MIDWIFE”. By the mid of the eighteenth century the quantity of male midwives had expanded however there was incredible resistance and rivalry from the maternity specialists and from the overall population. Midwives carries an enormous responsibility in helping women's during the period of childbirth.

Gynecologic pathology is the medical pathology subspecialty dealing with the study and diagnosis of disease involving the female genital tract and the placenta. This exercise requires that the pathologist differentiate which peritoneal disorders are müllerian derived versus originating from other organs. Diseases affecting the peritoneal cavity and the intra-abdominal organs comprise entities arising from elements native to the peritoneal cavity (secondary müllerian system, mesenchymal, and mesothelial proliferations. The both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions of the female reproductive tract to equip you to meet a wide range of diagnostic challenge.

Maternal-fetal relationships have been related with psychosocial outcomes for women and children, but there has been an absence of conceptual clarity about the nature of the maternal relationship with the unborn child, and inconsistent findings assessing its predictors. The proposed and tested model whereby maternal-fetal relationship quality was foretold by factors relating to the quality of the couple relationship and psychological health. The hypothesized contribution of individual variances in romantic attachment shown in past research would be mediated by romantic caregiving responsiveness, as maternal-fetal relationships replicate the beginnings of the caregiving system.

A condition that affects the normal function of female reproductive organs, such as the breasts and the womb (uterus), ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva, is known as a gynecological disorder. We at Baptist Health System offer a wide range of treatments for gynecological issues, as well as screenings and prevention measures for women's gynecologic health. Gynecological inflammation can be brought on by a variety of factors. The majority of them are brought on by women's routines or stress.

Gynecological Surgery field is swiftly changing in response to new developments and innovations in endoscopy, robotics, imaging, and other interventional procedures. Gynecological Surgery is also growing and now encompasses all surgical interventions pertaining to women’s health, including oncology, urogynecology, and fetal surgery. In the current study, an incidence of three in 1000 cases of bladder or ureteral injury was identified among operative laparoscopic cases. Bladder injury is presumably to happen during either insertion of a suprapubic trocar or when exposing the lower uterine segment at time of hysterectomy. The foremost common sites of ureteral injury are probable to be at the pelvic brim during ligation of the infundibulopelvic ligament and near the uterosacral ligament during ligation of the uterine vessels.

The mainstream of babies born prematurely survives and develops normally. However, babies born before 34 weeks have a higher risk factor of dying soon after birth or flattering disabled than babies born at term. In singleton pregnancies, there is a possibility that a woman will go into labor ward and deliver before 34 weeks is about 1%. In identical pregnancies, the chance of such premature birth is about 10-15%. The proposals of Family Planning and increasing the empowerment of women, especially adolescents, plus better-quality of care before, between and during pregnancy can assistance to decrease preterm birth rates. Strategic investments in innovations and research are required to accelerate progress.

The natural termination of a pregnancy before twenty weeks of gestation is known as spontaneous abortion. To avoid being confused with induced abortion, spontaneous abortion is referred to as a "miscarriage" in common parlance. Only spontaneous abortions during the first trimester are considered to be early pregnancy losses. However, the majority of spontaneous abortions take place in the first trimester. There are many different types of early pregnancy loss. Without sufficient uterine contractions to push out the products of conception, the embryo or fetus dies asymptomatically or "missed" in a missed abortion. Threatened abortion, on the other hand, is characterized by the symptomatic, "threatened" expulsion of the products of conception, but the cervical os remains closed and the embryo or fetus continues to be viable. An open cervical os, which indicates the "inevitable" passage of the conception products, distinguishes an "inevitable" abortion from a "threatened" abortion. There is an "incomplete" passage of the products of conception through the cervical os in an incomplete abortion. A "complete" abortion refers to the passage of all embryonic products. Three or more failed pregnancies in a row are considered to be recurrent abortions. Septic abortion can occur when the infected products of conception that were retained are induced during a non-sterile abortion.

Sexual intercourse is the core route of transmission of a wide range of infections, and a significant route for many others. Sexually transmitted infections caused by bacterial, fungal and protozoal agents have been curable with antimicrobial agents for over 40 years. In spite of this, such sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) continued to be a public health problem in developed and developing countries alike. However, most developed countries now have very low rates of infection, with the exception of chlamydia. In contrast, many developing countries continue to experience high rates of STD. The reasons for failure to control STD are complex and vary from one setting to another; nevertheless, there are a number of factors which either singly or in combination has led, at both local and national level, to an inadequate response to the problem of STDs.

Preconception health that focuses in fertility preservation, diagnosing and treating infertility, and other reproductive problems. Each individual has the proper to form their own choices about their sexual and reproductive health. UNFPA, in conjunction with partners, works towards the universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights and also birth control. An important part of Reproductive Medicine includes promoting fertility in both men and women. For fertility issues, this may involve assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or fertility medication. The use of reproductive medical treatments has become increasingly routine in recent years.

Usually, Infertility is categorized as not having the capacity to get pregnant (consider) following one year of unprotected sex. Infertility is the disappointment to wind up pregnant/impregnate or convey a pregnancy to full term. There might be numerous reasons for Infertility, including some that medicinal mediation can treat. A woman is considered as an infertile on the off chance that she has struggled for 1 year to get pregnant and hasn't utilized anti-conception medication. A man is viewed as infertile if he has too couple of sperm or his sperm are too unlucky to even consider combining with a lady's egg. Infertility isn’t just a woman’s problem. Men can be infertile too. Actually, men and women are similarly likely to have fertility difficulties. Fortuitously, there are numerous safe and effective therapies that significantly improve your chances of getting pregnant.

A woman's body undergoes a series of monthly changes during her menstrual cycle to prepare for the possibility of pregnancy. Ovulation is the process by which one of the ovaries releases an egg every month. Changes in hormones also make the uterus more ready for pregnancy. The vaginal lining of the uterus sheds if ovulation occurs but the egg is not fertilized. This is a period of menstruation.

It is a human right to have safe, voluntary family planning. Planning a family is an important part of poverty reduction, gender equality, and women's empowerment. However, an estimated 257 million women in developing regions who want to avoid pregnancy do not use safe and effective family planning methods for a variety of reasons, including a lack of support from their partners or communities or access to information or services. Their ability to build a better future for themselves, their families, and their communities is in jeopardy as a result of this. By: UNFPA supports family planning ensuring that high-quality contraceptives are available at all times; enhancing the national health care systems; promoting policies that encourage family planning; and collecting information to support this work. By convening partners, including governments, to develop evidence and policies and by providing programmatic, technical, and financial assistance to developing nations, UNFPA also plays a global leadership role in expanding access to family planning.

Menopause is the time of life when the menstrual cycles cease, and is caused by reduced secretion of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. Although menopause is a usual event for women, each and every individual experiences vary, and some women seek out medical guidance for the management of symptoms. Many symptoms have been recognized to menopause, but only vasomotor dysfunction and vaginal dryness are consistently associated with this period of life in epidemiological studies. And other common symptoms are mood changes, sleep disturbances, urinary incontinence, cognitive changes, somatic complaints, sexual dysfunction, and reduced quality of life may be secondary to other symptoms, or related to other causes.

Nursing might be a calling inside the medical services area zeroed in on the consideration of individuals, families, and networks all together that they may achieve, keep up, or recuperate ideal wellbeing and personal satisfaction. Attendants could likewise be separated from other medical care suppliers by their way to deal with patient consideration, preparing, and extent of training. Currently women health had become a main concern because where it also has an impact on family health. Both men and women have a same health challenge, but the women health deserves to pay a more attention. The general health issues faced by women’s are breast cancers, adolescent pregnancy, and unsafe abortion and STD (Sexual Transmitted Disease) many more. Therefore, to acquire the health equity all over the life expectancy, it is an instant that every female must have the knowledge of information related to her reproductive health and also all the perspective of her body. Healthy habits are the best way to avoid disease, to prolong women’s life, and live more happily.

Due to the huge progression in science and technology, the level of Gynecology treatment had been extended to its next level. Obstetric patients with higher blood pressure can be treated via telemedicine, where there is no need for hospitalization. “ANGLEeYe” Camera Systems LLC and AirToco LLC are the equipment invented for movement detection that can be fixed on patients to measure maternal activity levels. Some of the modern development includes Bluetooth pregnancy test, 3D printing demonstrations a promise of creating a prosthetic ovary Smartphone app that can sense premature birth risk', a New drug found to eradicate Hepatitis C, a Smartphone app that could identify HIV in 15 minutes, etc.

Gynecologic oncology is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. Gynecological cancers comprise 10-15% of women’s cancers, mainly affecting women past reproductive age but posing threats to fertility for younger patients. Gynecologic oncology has seen a tremendous growth as a surgical specialty over the past four decades. However, many regions of the world still lack structured training programs in this discipline. Identifying necessary skills required for the training of gynecologic oncology should assist in standardizing care provision globally, and could be a starting point for health systems beginning structured training programs. Development of surgical skills requires adequate training, mentorship, and self-evaluation as an ongoing process beyond the years spent in training programs.

Paediatric gynaecology encompasses the common conditions of labial adhesions and vulvovaginitis. Gynaecologists also have a title role in valuation of congenital genital tract anomalies and disorders of sex development although this tends to occur in adolescents, despite the benefits of early recognition of the gynaecological aspects of these problems in the neonatal period and childhood. With the onset of puberty, a number of difficulties occur relating to events of the physiological process of ovulation and menstruation including heavy and painful periods, and ovarian cysts. These complications can impact significantly on quality of life and need to be coped, as well as distinguished from more significant problems. Exercise levels, weight and general health can all have an impact on the reproductive hormones. Recognizing common variations and problems from more significant problems in pubertal development and in the menstrual cycle is important in the care of young women. Basic understanding of contraceptive options and risks for teenage pregnancy are part of providing comprehensive health care for young women.

Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery proposals cutting-edge diagnostic and treatment options for women with complex pelvic floor disorders such as urinary incontinence, overactive bladder syndromes, pelvic organ prolapse, voiding and defecatory dysfunction, faecal incontinence, fistulas, diverticula and vaginal agenesis. It is therefore imperative that the history and examination are performed in a comprehensive fashion. Urogynaecological indicators are never life-threatening but they can have a profound impact on the women’s quality of life. Clinical assessment therefore objectives to determine the extent of the impairment on quality of life and thereby institute the most appropriate route of investigation and management.

The time during which a fetus grows inside a woman's uterus is referred to as "pregnancy." From the time you have your last menstrual period until you give birth, a pregnancy typically lasts about 40 weeks, or just over 9 months. Trimesters are the three stages of pregnancy that medical professionals refer to. The branch of obstetrics that deals with the anatomy and physiology of the mother, the fetus, or the newborn during late pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

The changes that come with pregnancy are normal physiological responses to the fetus's growth. Numerous factors cause these alterations; as the pregnancy progresses, hormonal changes, an increase in total blood volume, weight gain, and an increase in the size of the fetus are all factors. The pregnant woman is affected physiologically by each of these factors: Along with changes to the skin and breasts, the musculoskeletal, endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, urinary, gastrointestinal, and immune systems are affected. Although there is variation worldwide and it is believed that the length of human pregnancies also varies naturally, the full gestation period is 39-40 weeks, and a preterm birth is considered to have occurred before 37 weeks.

• Breast cancer • Breast implants • Breast feeding • Fibrocystic breast changes • Basics of breast diseases related to gynecology

A relatively new field of medicine known as aesthetic gynaecology allows women to alter intimate body parts for sexual function or appearance. There are both surgical and non-surgical procedures in aesthetic gynecology. Demand from patients and doctors are growing. Despite the fact that this typically falls under the purview of obstetrics and gynecology, plastic and cosmetic surgeons have also developed a significant amount of interest in this area. Although plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery training programs that had the foresight to include specific training in this field have made inroads, obstetrics and gynecology residency and fellowship programs currently teach this subject. Currently, many surgeons begin their careers by completing preceptorship and certification courses in the United States and the United Kingdom. As a second wave of experts emerge, a steady stream of certificate programs continues to develop in Turkey, the Middle East, Spain, and South America.

Plastic surgery and reconstructive gynaecology are synonymous terms. Reconstructive gynaecology, on the other hand, is understood to be the use of surgery to restore the structure and function of the reproductive organs, excluding artistic or cosmetic surgery. For example, reconstructive surgery is performed by plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, and otolaryngologists on the face following injuries and on the head and neck following malignancy. Reconstructive operations are also carried out in several subspecialties of medicine surgery, such as general surgery, gynaecological surgery, paediatric surgery, cosmetic surgery, and podiatric surgery. The fundamental aspect of the mission is that it aims to restore the anatomy and normal functions of the body part.

A technique for creating a pregnancy artificially is assisted reproductive technology. Surrogacy, in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and fertility drugs are all types of assisted reproduction. Infertility and reproductive endocrinology are its main related conditions. Embryo splitting, GIFT, ZIFT, sex selection, and surgical sperm retrieval are all included, as well as cryopreservation, zygote intrafallopian transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, egg donors, sperm donors, and embryo preservation.

Endometriosis is the growth of tissues from the uterus' internal lines outside the uterus. In terms of medical services, endometrial patches are represented by wounds, nodules, or implants. Endometriosis patches typically appear on or above the two ovaries, behind the uterus or tissues holding the uterus, on the stomach or bladder, and most commonly in the pelvic depression. The main adverse effect is the constant pelvic pain associated with the menstrual cycle, which can occasionally cause cramping during the period and more intense pain than usual during the cycle. Infertility is the main drawback of endometriosis. A third to half of women who have endometriosis struggle throughout pregnancy.

Human sexuality in its whole, including sexual performance, is addressed by sexual ethics and erotic morality. Erotic ethics, in general, is concerned with individual and social standards for how people should act in intimate situations. • Medication problem • Abortions • Non- maleficence • Conceptus issues related to IVF, cloning

The primary manifestation of Schistosoma haematobium infection is female genital schistosomiasis (FGS). Women mistook FGS for a sexually transmitted illness or infertility due to its symptoms. Due to the low level of uncertainty among professionals in the field of human services, FGS is still pervasive and understudied among women of reproductive age who reside in areas where S. haematobium is endemic. A high degree of uncertainty will enable the detection of FGS prior to surgery and keep unnecessary procedures and incorrect diagnoses of STDs at bay.

Gynaecological procedures are operations on the female reproductive system. It contains techniques for congenial circumstances, danger, infertility, and incontinence. Sometimes, the gynaecological medical operation is carried out for therapeutic or elective reasons. Furthermore, new developments and advancements in endoscopy, imaging, and other interventional frameworks are causing this sector to change quickly. Every medical operation relating to the health of women, including cancer and urogynecology, is developed through gynaecological surgery. • Tubal Ligation • Microsurgery • Female Urology • Laparoscopy & Laser Surgery • Colposcopy & Hysteroscopy

Gynaecological procedures are operations on the female reproductive system. It contains techniques for congenial circumstances, danger, infertility, and incontinence. Sometimes, the gynaecological medical operation is carried out for therapeutic or elective reasons. Furthermore, new developments and advancements in endoscopy, imaging, and other interventional frameworks are causing this sector to change quickly. Every medical operation relating to the health of women, including cancer and urogynecology, is developed through gynaecological surgery. • Reproductive Endocrinology • Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction • Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology • Fetal-Placental Neuroendocrine Development

Gynography is characterized as "radiography of the female genital organs" that utilizes "air or different gas" that is infused intraperitoneally as a different medium. The gynograph was imagined by Abner I. Weisman, a medical specialist. The gynograph is another improved gynoroentgenologic apparatus utilized by gynecologists and radiologists in performing hysterosalpingography. The benefit of the gynograph over uterosalpingography – which includes the establishment of remote material into the uterus – is that it is "essentially free from complications, for example, intravasation of the venous sinuses of the uterus, pneumonic emboli, foreign body retention cysts, pelvic peritonitis, rupture of the fallopian tube, and death. The main side effect is the occasional blow-up of old perpetual salpingitis which occurs rarely.The gynographic study is the term for the technique of surveying over the female genital tract that includes vaporous insufflations, instillation of little measures of an opaque substance, and the instillation of foreign radiopaque material.

The HM, or hydatidiform mole, is an unusual tumour or growth that appears inside the uterus as a pregnancy progresses. A kind of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is present. Atypical oocyte (egg) preparation leads to HM, also known as molar pregnancy. A strange infant is the outcome. Almost no foetal tissue develops while the placenta continues to develop normally. A tumour in the uterus is surrounded by placental tissue. Due to the numerous tiny blisters it contains, this mass frequently appears grape-like on ultrasound. In older women, the likelihood of mole arrangement is increased. Another risk factor is if your past is full of moles from earlier years.

Infertility implies not having the capacity to get pregnant. Ladies who can get pregnant yet are unfit to remain pregnant are also considered as infertile. Around 10 percent of ladies (6.1 million) in the United States age 15-44 experience issues getting pregnant or remaining pregnant, as per the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Most instances of female infertility are due to issues with ovulation. Without ovulation, there are no eggs to be prepared. A few signs that a lady isn't ovulating regularly incorporate unpredictable or missing periods. Ovulation issues are frequently brought about by polycystic ovarian disorder (PCOS). PCOS is a hormonal issue which can interfere with ovulation. PCOS is the most widely recognized reason for female infertility. Essential ovarian deficiency (POI) is another reason for ovulation issues. POI happens when a lady's ovaries quit working ordinarily before she is 40. POI isn't equivalent to early menopause. • In Vitro Fertilization • Infertility Evaluation and Treatment among Women • Tubal Infertility and Ectopic Pregnancy • Obesity & Surgical Management of Infertility • Artificial Gametes and Ovarian Stimulation • Risk of Idiopathic Male Infertility • Infertility Evaluation and Management

An intrauterine device (IUD), also called intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a little, regularly T-formed birth control device that is embedded into a lady's uterus to anticipate pregnancy. IUDs are one type of long-acting reversible birth control medication (LARC). Among birth control techniques, IUDs, alongside contraceptive implants, resulting in satisfaction among clients. IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as individuals who have not recently had children. When an IUD is removed, even after long term use, fertility comes back to normal quickly. Copper IUD’s have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (levonorgestrel) IUD’s have about 0.2% of the time within the first year of utilization. In comparison, male sterilization and male condoms have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, individually. Copper IUDs can likewise be utilized as emergency contraception within 5 days of unprotected sex. • Uterine Geometry and IUD Performance • Physiological Mechanisms of IUDs • Pituitary-Ovarian Function in IUD Users • Intrauterine Contraception

Paediatric gynaecology, sometimes known as paediatric gynaecology, is the branch of medicine that deals with the health of a child or adolescent's vagina, vulva, uterus, and ovaries. Paediatric andrology, which addresses medical problems exclusive to the penis and testes, is its opposite. • Amenorrhea • Abnormal vaginal bleeding • Vulvovaginitis • Vulvitis • Breast abnormalities • Precocious puberty

Polycystic ovary disorder (PCOS) is a condition in which one in every 10 ladies are commonly influenced. PCOS condition prompts hormonal imbalance in ladies' body and influences the general wellbeing and appearance. PCOS is considered as one of the regular reason for infertility and is treatable. Between 5-10% of ladies with youngster bearing age (15-44) for the most part influenced by PCOS. PCOS, for the most part, influences ovaries, capable to create estrogen and progesterone hormone. PCOS most regularly stays undiscovered. About 70% of ladies influenced by PCOS stay undiscovered. Some regular manifestations of PCOS incorporate Irregular menstrual cycle, hirsutism, Acne, diminishing of hair, abundance We Pediatric Gynecology might increase, darkening of skin and skin labeling. There is no remedy for PCOS, yet drugs are being utilized to deal with the side effects of PCOS. • PCOS and Causes • PCOS Treatment • PCOS Diagnosis • PCOS risk of Cancer

Ladies have special wellbeing related issue. Novel heath issues incorporate pregnancy, menopause, and states of the female organs. Ladies can have a sound pregnancy by getting appropriate, early and ordinary pre-birth care. They are additionally prescribed a few tests for cervical cancer, breast disease and bone thickness screenings. Complexities of pregnancy incorporate medical issues that happen amid pregnancy. They can include child's wellbeing, mother's wellbeing or both. • Pelvic Provocative Affliction • Stillbirths

The term "abnormal uterine bleeding" (AUB) refers to uterine bleeding that lasts longer than usual or takes place at an erratic period. Bleeding may be frequent or sporadic, heavier or lighter than usual. AUB might manifest as bleeding or spotting in between periods. following sexual activity. Uterine fibroids, uterine adenomyosis, or endometrial polyps are the most typical causes of such bleeding. Adenomyosis is a disorder in which the lining of the uterus (endometrium) extends into the myometrium, whereas fibroids are benign tumours in the muscular layer of the uterus (myometrium).

Maintaining a woman's health is crucial for the welfare of her unborn child. Most women choose to exercise frequently, eat well, and receive regular prenatal care in order to successfully give birth to a healthy baby. It is suggested to all women in order to prevent pregnancy-related problems. By eating a healthy diet when pregnant, there is a chance to reduce the risk of birth abnormalities. A healthy diet is also responsible for the baby's weight at birth and the fetal brain's proper development Consuming prenatal vitamins is important in addition to eating natural foods because it can be challenging for pregnant women to plan a routine diet that is three nutrient-rich. These vitamins can help pregnant women meet their dietary needs while also providing the extra nutrition a developing fetus needs. Making wise decisions for a healthier lifestyle throughout pregnancy is important since doing so should prevent any negative effects on the growing fetus. Therefore, refraining from using drugs, smoking, and ingesting alcohol is strictly advised. • Food and nutrition. • Medication during pregnancy • Antenatal care • Enlightenment of dynamic mothers

Multifetal pregnancy takes place in 1 of 70- 80 deliveries. The threat factors includes ovarian stimulation, assisted reproduction, advanced maternal age and prior multifetal pregnancy. Multifetal pregnancy also increases some risk factors in women such as preeclampsia, preterm delivery, growth restriction, gestational diabetes, postpartum haemorrhage and Cesarean delivery. The inflated uterus leads to encourage preterm labor thus, causes preterm delivery at gestation period of 35-36 week for twins, 32 weeks for triplets, 30 weeks for quadruplets in average. This may cause structural presentation of the fetus as abnormal. The size of the uterus may decrease after first child delivery risking the remaining fetuses by shearing away the placenta. Sometimes it leads to maternal haemorrhage and atony because of uterine distention impairs postpartum uterine contraction. It can be diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography which act as an evident for multifetal pregnancy which is suspected if the uterus is large for dates. The only treatment to prevent fetuses is Cesarean delivery. This is mostly suggested when the fetuses are in vertex presentation. • Pathology and pathophysiology • Consequences of medication for ovulation • IVF role and results • Probability factors involved in multiple pregnancy • Modes of delivery • Diagnosis and Prevention

The development of several technologies that are helpful to monitor and care for maternal-fetal health has elevated the field of maternal-fetal medicine. Initially referred to as "perinatal medicine," after observing its expansion over the previous 20 years, a new name was also given to them. Maternal foetal medicine makes a significant contribution to neonatal health by focusing on their well-being and development and launching a variety of cutting-edge and beneficial technologies. Prenatal screening, along with advances in genomics and diagnosis, made it possible to identify cell-free DNA fragments from a foetal in the mother's blood, demonstrating the value of chromosomal microarrays. It is a helpful tool since it may check for microduplications and microdeletions in addition to aneuploidies. • Therapies involved in fetal treatment • Prenatal genetics • Pregnancy complications • Fetal anaemia • CMV infection and rehabilitate • Clinical trial in uterine fibroids