Nutritional Epidemiology is a specialized subfield of epidemiology that focuses on studying the relationship between diet, nutrition, and health outcomes in populations. It plays a crucial role in understanding how dietary factors can influence the incidence and prevalence of various diseases.

Food Science and Nutrition includes directly and indirectly related aspects of the food industry. That involves basic and applied aspects of food microbiology, food toxicology, food preservation, safe and time efficient food processing, food packaging, fermentation technology, and food chemistry.

Mental health refers to a person's emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Mental disorders, also known as mental illnesses, are medical conditions that disrupt an individual's thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, or mental functioning. These conditions often lead to distress and impairment in daily life. Mental disorders can result from various factors, including genetic, environmental, and neurological influences.

E-health, short for electronic health, refers to the use of digital information and communication technologies to support and improve healthcare delivery, management, and access. M-health leverages the widespread adoption of mobile technology to deliver health-related information and services directly to individuals.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated blood glucose (sugar) levels. Diabetes is a significant public health concern that requires comprehensive strategies and interventions to address its impact on populations.

Medical ethics, also known as bioethics or healthcare ethics, is a branch of ethics that deals with moral principles, values, and guidelines governing the practice of medicine and the delivery of healthcare. Fitness guidelines, on the other hand, provide recommendations and principles for maintaining and improving physical fitness and overall well-being.

The intersection of oncology and public health underscores the importance of comprehensive, population-based strategies for reducing the incidence and impact of cancer, as well as promoting the well-being of communities. Public health initiatives play a critical role in addressing the challenges of cancer, raising awareness, and implementing evidence-based strategies to prevent and control cancer on a broader scale.

Healthcare nursing, often simply referred to as nursing, is a critical profession within the healthcare industry that focuses on the care, treatment, and support of individuals, families, and communities to promote and maintain health and well-being. Nurses play an essential role in healthcare delivery and work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and the community.

Women's health is a specialized field within healthcare that focuses on the unique health needs and issues that affect women throughout their lifespan. It encompasses a wide range of medical, social, and behavioral factors that are specific to women's well-being.

Infectious disease epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that focuses on the study of infectious diseases, their causes, distribution, and determinants within populations. Epidemiology is the science that examines the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. In the context of infectious diseases, epidemiologists investigate various aspects of these diseases to understand and control their spread.

Cardiovascular epidemiology is a specialized field within epidemiology that focuses on the study of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which encompass a range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. This field aims to understand the distribution, determinants, and risk factors associated with CVDs within populations.

Maternal, infant, and child health is a specialized area within healthcare and public health that focuses on the well-being and care of pregnant women, infants, and children. It encompasses a wide range of services and initiatives aimed at ensuring healthy pregnancies, safe childbirth, and the health and development of infants and children.

Sexually transmitted diseases, often referred to as STDs, are a group of infections that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. They can affect both men and women and are caused by various bacteria, viruses, and parasites. STDs are a global public health concern, and they can have serious health consequences if left untreated.

Reproductive, perinatal, and pediatric epidemiology is a specialized branch of epidemiology that focuses on the study of health-related issues and diseases related to reproduction, pregnancy, childbirth, and childhood. This field plays a crucial role in understanding and improving the health and well-being of mothers, infants, and children.

Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions and circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that can significantly influence their health and well-being. These determinants go beyond individual behaviors and medical care, encompassing a range of social, economic, and environmental factors. Understanding and addressing SDOH is crucial for promoting health equity and improving overall public health.

Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, economies, and societies, facilitated by advances in technology, communication, and trade. The globalization of industries and the labor market has significant implications for occupational safety and health (OSH) worldwide.

Modern public health practice encompasses a dynamic and evolving approach to improving the health and well-being of populations. It involves a multidisciplinary, evidence-based, and data-driven approach to addressing current and emerging health challenges.

Obesity is a complex and multifactorial health condition characterized by an excess of body fat. It is associated with a range of health disorders and medical complications.

Neuro informatics is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the organization and analysis of complex neurobiological data, often involving the integration of neuroscience, computer science, and information technology. While it may not be a traditional component of public health, the intersection of neuroinformatics and public health can have important implications for understanding and addressing various health issues.

Aging is a natural process that begins in early adulthood and continues throughout life. Many bodily functions begin to deteriorate in early middle age. People do not reach a certain age when they become old or elderly. Changes in dynamic biological, psychological, physiological, environmental, behavioural, and social processes are all linked to ageing. The ageing population puts more strain on the public health system, as well as medical and social services. Chronic diseases, which disproportionately impact older people, contribute to disability, lowered quality of life, and higher health- and long-term-care expenses. Aging and Public Health session strives to improve the health and quality of life of older adults by advancing the scientific basis of knowledge and action. • Age related disorders • Elderly people and public health • Dementia

In all matters relating to the reproductive system, good sexual and reproductive health is a condition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. It indicates that people have the ability to have a satisfying and safe sexual life, as well as the ability to reproduce and the freedom to choose if, when, and how often to do so. From childhood to old age, reproductive health is a concern for both women and men. Sexual and reproductive health is a major public health concern, even in times of emergency. The timely provision of healthcare services before and during emergencies can avert a variety of negative outcomes. Gender-based violence, including sexual assault, and a lack of effective reproductive health services (including contraception and comprehensive abortion care) can contribute to a variety of detrimental effects including maternal and neonatal death, trauma. Sexually transmitted diseases, HIV transmission, unwanted pregnancies, and unsafe abortions are all issues that need to be addressed. • Sexually Transmitted Diseases • HIV • AIDS • Family Planning

Mental health is crucial, at any age including childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Our emotional, psychological, and social well-being are all part of our mental health. It has an impact on the way we think, feel, and act. It also influences how we deal with stress, interact with others, and make decisions. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the critical importance of mental health in accomplishing global development goals. Despite the fact that many mental health illnesses can be effectively treated at a reasonable cost, the gap between those who need care and those who have access to it remains significant. Mental illnesses (or mental disorders) are ailments that impact your thoughts, feelings, emotions, and behaviour. They might be short-term or long-term (chronic). They can have an impact on your ability to interact with others and function on a daily basis. Mental illness can be caused by a variety of circumstances. Character faults do not induce mental health problems. They've got nothing to do with being lazy or weak. • COVID-19 and mental health • Insomnia • Anxiety • Autism • Psychological disorders and treatments • Depression • Bipolar disorders • Substance abuse • Schizophrenia

Occupational health and safety are a branch of public health that investigates trends in workplace injuries and illnesses and recommends and implements prevention methods and laws. Its reach is broad, spanning fields as diverse as toxicology and epidemiology to ergonomics and violence prevention. Occupational health and safety regulations require the removal, reduction, or replacement of dangers on the job site. OHS refers to the laws, regulations, and programmes aimed at improving the working environment for employees, as well as co-workers, family members, consumers, and other stakeholders. • Industrial Hygiene • Occupational Injuries • Wellness Programs

The methodologies used to identify, mitigate, and prevent risks in healthcare are referred to as healthcare risk management. The clinical and administrative systems, processes, and reports used to detect, monitor, analyse, reduce, and prevent hazards are referred to as risk management in healthcare. Risk management allows health care organisations to ensure patient safety in a proactive and methodical manner. Actions conducted ahead of time are referred to as prevention. Mitigation is a term used to describe this process. Preparedness is making arrangements, developing and testing plans, training, educating, and disseminating information in order to better prepare communities in the case of an emergency. Response- During or immediately after an emergency, support and intervention are provided. The emphasis is on saving lives and safeguarding community assets (buildings, roads, animals, crops, infrastructure). Hours, days, and weeks are the most common units of measurement. Recovery- the coordinated process of assisting disaster-affected communities with physical infrastructure repair and emotional, social, economic, and physical well-being restoration. Months and/or years are the most common units of measurement. • Disaster management • Emergency management

Public health nurses make up the largest professional part of the public health workforce, and they are active in public health prevention, education, advocacy, activism, assessment, and evaluation. They play a key role in prevention of disease as well as community health and safety. Every day, nurses have a direct impact on the health and well-being of patients. Nurses are ideally positioned to advocate lifestyle changes in communities and provide instruction on healthy living – notably to the most vulnerable members of society. Public health nurses work in communities, focusing on various areas in order to improve the overall health of the people who live there. School districts, county or state health agencies, and correctional facilities are among places where public health nurses can work. • Health control • Health trends • Health coaching • Health maintenance

A systematic approach to clarify, prioritise, and justify various courses of public health action based on ethical principles, stakeholder values and beliefs, and scientific and other information is known as public health ethics. Public health ethics can be separated into two categories: research and practise. Public health ethics is a topic of research that aims to understand and clarify the ideas and values that underlie public health initiatives. Principles and values provide a context for making judgments as well as a way to justify them. The authority of the government at various jurisdictional levels to promote the health of the general population within societal constraints and norms is examined in public health law. Public health law focuses on the government's responsibilities in achieving these goals, as well as the limits to that power and the population's perspective. • Public health legislation • International law to public health problems

Community health is a medical speciality that focuses on the physical and mental health of people in a certain geographical area. Initiatives to help community members maintain and enhance their health, prevent the spread of infectious diseases, and prepare for natural catastrophes are all part of this crucial subset of public health. This vital public health sector includes initiatives that assist residents in maintaining and improving their health, preventing the spread of infectious diseases, and preparing for natural catastrophes. For instance, neighbouring plants or waste sites could expose a population to toxins. Community health programmes increase access to preventive health care, include individuals in decision-making about their treatment, and seek reduced medical costs. • COVID-19 • Identification of public health issues • Healthy lifestyle

Infectious diseases remain a significant public health challenge worldwide, affecting millions of people annually. Prevention is key in controlling their spread, with vaccination being one of the most effective tools. Vaccines protect individuals and communities from diseases like measles, polio, and influenza, reducing the overall burden on public health systems. Alongside vaccines, promoting proper hygiene practices, safe drinking water, and sanitation can prevent the transmission of diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Timely treatment, through the use of antibiotics, antivirals, and other medications, is essential for managing infections and preventing complications. However, growing antimicrobial resistance poses a threat to treatment effectiveness. Public health efforts focus on early detection, education, and response strategies, which are crucial for controlling outbreaks and minimizing their impact on society.

Preventive medicine plays a pivotal role in safeguarding communities by focusing on proactive health measures rather than reactive treatments. It encompasses a range of strategies, including vaccinations, health education, regular screenings, and lifestyle modifications to mitigate the onset of diseases. By addressing social determinants of health, such as access to clean water, nutrition, and healthcare services, it reduces disparities and fosters healthier populations. Collaboration between healthcare professionals, policymakers, and public health organizations amplifies its impact, ensuring a well-rounded approach to community well-being. Investing in preventive medicine not only curbs healthcare costs but also enhances life expectancy and quality of life. Encouraging individuals to adopt preventive measures can build resilient communities, equipped to combat emerging health challenges effectively.

Research in public health is essential for developing evidence-based practices that influence health policies and interventions. Through systematic data collection and analysis, it identifies patterns, risk factors, and effective prevention methods. These findings are crucial in shaping strategies that promote healthier communities. By utilizing evidence, public health professionals can devise targeted initiatives that tackle specific health issues, improve access to care, and enhance overall well-being. For instance, research-driven approaches to preventing chronic diseases help prioritize resources, optimize health education, and improve treatment outcomes. The ongoing process of research, policy implementation, and evaluation ensures that public health practices remain aligned with current scientific understanding, fostering stronger health systems and better population health outcomes.

Global health security is the protection of global populations from health threats such as infectious diseases, bioterrorism, and pandemics. It emphasizes the need for coordinated international response mechanisms, early detection systems, and robust healthcare infrastructures to safeguard public health. The interconnectedness of today's world means that health risks can quickly spread across borders, making it crucial for nations to collaborate on research, surveillance, and preparedness efforts. Strengthening global health security requires investment in health systems, rapid response teams, and equitable access to medical resources and vaccines. By ensuring that all countries are equipped to handle health emergencies, we can reduce the risks of widespread disease outbreaks and create a healthier, more resilient global community.

Public health practice involves a multidisciplinary approach to promoting health, preventing disease, and prolonging life within communities. It is based on evidence and aims to address health disparities by creating policies and strategies that encourage healthier environments, behaviors, and systems. Principles like equity, access to care, and sustainability guide public health efforts, ensuring that health interventions are inclusive and address the needs of all population groups. Public health policies are designed to mitigate risks, promote preventive care, and manage resources effectively. Strategies may include education campaigns, improving healthcare infrastructure, implementing regulations, and fostering collaboration between governments, organizations, and communities. Ultimately, the goal is to enhance the overall well-being of populations through coordinated, proactive measures.

Clinical trials play a pivotal role in advancing public health by providing evidence on the effectiveness of interventions, treatments, and preventive measures. Through rigorous testing and monitoring, clinical trials ensure that medical interventions are safe and beneficial for diverse populations. They offer an opportunity to understand disease patterns, explore new therapies, and improve healthcare outcomes on a global scale. By engaging participants from different demographics, clinical trials can uncover unique responses to treatments, which is crucial for personalized medicine. Moreover, these trials contribute to the development of public health policies, guiding health professionals and governments in making informed decisions about resource allocation, vaccination strategies, and disease management. Their integration into public health research strengthens the foundation of evidence-based practices that ultimately enhance population health.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing concern for public health worldwide, as they are responsible for a large number of premature deaths and disability. These diseases, which include heart disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory conditions, and cancers, are often preventable through lifestyle changes. Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption are fundamental steps to reducing the risk of NCDs. Public health campaigns that promote these healthy behaviors can significantly decrease the burden of NCDs. Additionally, early detection and treatment play a crucial role in managing these conditions, improving quality of life, and reducing healthcare costs. Governments and organizations worldwide are focusing on policies and programs to raise awareness, educate communities, and provide accessible healthcare services to mitigate the impact of NCDs.

Health economics and financing play a pivotal role in shaping public health outcomes by ensuring the efficient allocation of resources and equitable access to healthcare services. By analyzing the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of health interventions, it aids in prioritizing initiatives that maximize societal well-being. Effective financing mechanisms, such as public funding, insurance schemes, and international aid, are crucial for addressing disparities and supporting underprivileged populations. Strategic investments in preventive measures, infrastructure, and workforce development amplify the impact of healthcare systems. Moreover, economic evaluations guide policymakers in adopting sustainable practices that balance immediate healthcare needs with long-term goals. Strengthening these frameworks fosters resilience against emerging challenges, promoting healthier communities and advancing global health equity.

Health equity and social determinants of health (SDOH) are essential concepts in public health, focusing on the fair distribution of health resources and opportunities. Health equity aims to ensure that everyone, regardless of socioeconomic status, race, or geographic location, has a fair chance at achieving optimal health. Social determinants of health, including factors like income, education, employment, social support, and access to healthcare, play a significant role in shaping an individual's health outcomes. These factors influence not only physical well-being but also mental health, life expectancy, and overall quality of life. Addressing SDOH involves creating policies and initiatives that tackle the root causes of health disparities, ensuring that marginalized communities receive the support they need to thrive and achieve better health outcomes. A holistic approach, integrating social, economic, and environmental factors, is crucial to advancing health equity in public health strategies.

Preventive medicine plays a pivotal role in safeguarding communities by focusing on proactive health measures rather than reactive treatments. It encompasses a range of strategies, including vaccinations, health education, regular screenings, and lifestyle modifications to mitigate the onset of diseases. By addressing social determinants of health, such as access to clean water, nutrition, and healthcare services, it reduces disparities and fosters healthier populations. Collaboration between healthcare professionals, policymakers, and public health organizations amplifies its impact, ensuring a well-rounded approach to community well-being. Investing in preventive medicine not only curbs healthcare costs but also enhances life expectancy and quality of life. Encouraging individuals to adopt preventive measures can build resilient communities, equipped to combat emerging health challenges effectively.